TED英文演讲稿3篇 英语TED演讲稿

　　演讲稿在写作上具有一定的格式要求。在现在的社会生活中，我们使用上演讲稿的情况与日俱增，来参考自己需要的演讲稿吧！下面是范文网小编整理的TED英文演讲稿3篇 英语TED演讲稿，供大家阅读。

TED英文演讲稿1

　　Hold Fast To Your Dreams

　　I have a dream today.

　　I have a dream that one day every vally shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

　　Wow, what a dream it has been for Martin Luther King. But the changing world seems telling me that people gradually get their dreams lost somehow in the process of growing up, and sometimes I personally find myself saying goodbye unconsciously to those distant childhood dreams.

　　However, we meed dreams. They nourish our spirit; they represent possibility even when we are dragged down by reality. They keep us going. Most successful people are dreamers as well as ordinary people who are not afraid to think big and dare to be great. When we were little kids, we all dreamed of doing something big and splashy, something significant. Now what we need to do is to maintain them, refresh them and turn them into reality. However, the toughest part is that we often have no ideas how to translate these dreams into actions. Well, just start with concrete objectives and stick to it. Don’t let the nameless fear confuse the eye and confound our strong belief of future. Through our talents, through our wits, through our endurance and through our creativity, we will make it.

　　Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams, for when dreams go, life is a barren field frozen with snow. So my dear friends, think of your old and maybe dead dreams. Whatever it is, pick it up and make it alive from today.

TED英文演讲稿2

　　犯错的价值

　　每个人都会避免犯错，但或许避免犯错本身就是一种错误?请看以下这篇“犯错家“凯瑟琳舒尔茨告诉我们，或许我们不只该承认错误，更应该大力拥抱人性中“我错故我在“的本质。

　　So it's 1995, I'm in college, and a friend and I go on a road trip from Providence, Rhode Island to Portland, Oregon.

　　当时是95年 我在上大学 我和一个朋友开车去玩 从罗得岛的普罗旺斯区出发 到奥勒冈州的波特兰市

　　And you know, we're young and unemployed, so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests -- basically the longest route we can possibly take.

　　我们年轻、无业 ，于是整个旅程都在乡间小道 经过州立公园 和国家保护森林 我们尽可能绕着最长的路径

　　And somewhere in the middle of South Dakota, I turn to my friend and I ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles.

　　在南达科塔州之中某处 我转向我的朋友 问她一个 两千英里路途上 一直烦恼我的问题

　　"What's up with the Chinese character I keep seeing by the side of the road?"

　　"路边那个一直出现的中文字到底是什么?"

　　My friend looks at me totally blankly.

　　我的朋友露出疑惑的神情

　　There's actually a gentleman in the front row who's doing a perfect imitation of her look.

　　正如现在坐在第一排的这三位男士 所露出的神情一样

　　(Laughter) And I'm like, "You know, all the signs we keep seeing with the Chinese character on them."

　　(笑声) 我说"你知道的 我们一直看到的那个路牌 写着中文的那个啊"

　　She just stares at me for a few moments, and then she cracks up, because she figures out what I'm talking about.

　　她瞪着我的脸一阵子 突然笑开了 因为她总算知道我所指为何

　　And what I'm talking about is this.

　　我说的是这个

　　(Laughter) Right, the famous Chinese character for picnic area.

　　(笑声) 没错，这就是代表野餐区的那个中文字

　　(Laughter) I've spent the last five years of my life thinking about situations exactly like this -- why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us,

　　(笑声) 过去的五年 我一直在思考 刚刚我所描述的状况 为什么我们会对身边的征兆 产生误解

　　and how we behave when that happens, and what all of this can tell us about human nature.

　　当误解发生时我们作何反应 以及这一切所告诉我们的人性

　　In other words, as you heard Chris say, I've spent the last five years thinking about being wrong.

　　换句话说，就像 Chris 刚才说的 过去五年的时间 我都在思考错误的价值

　　This might strike you as a strange career move, but it actually has one great advantage: no job competition.

　　你可能觉得这是个奇异的专业 但有一项好处是不容置疑的： 没有竞争者。

　　(Laughter) In fact, most of us do everything we can to avoid thinking about being wrong, or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility that we ourselves are wrong.

　　(笑声) 事实上，我们大部分的人 都尽力不思考错误的价值 或至少避免想到我们有可能犯错。

　　We get it in the abstract.

　　我们都知道这个模糊的概念。

　　We all know everybody in this room makes mistakes.

　　我们都知道这里的每个人都曾经犯错

　　The human species, in general, is fallible -- okay fine.

　　人类本来就会犯错 - 没问题

　　But when it comes down to me right now, to all the beliefs I hold, here in the present tense, suddenly all of this abstract appreciation of fallibility 　goes out the window -- and I can't actually think of anything I'm wrong about.

　　一旦这个想法临到我们自身 我们现在所有的 所有的信念 对人类可能犯错的抽象概念随即被我们抛弃 我无法想到我有哪里出错

　　And the thing is, the present tense is where we live.

　　但是，我们活在现在

　　We go to meetings in the present tense; we go on family vacations in the present tense; we go to the polls and vote in the present tense.

　　我们开会，去家庭旅游 去投票 全都是现在式

　　So effectively, we all kind of wind up traveling through life, trapped in this little bubble of feeling very right about everything.

　　我们就像现在一个小泡泡里 经历人生 感觉自己总是对的

　　I think this is a problem.

　　我认为这是个问题

　　I think it's a problem for each of us as individuals, in our personal and professional lives, and I think it's a problem for all of us collectively as a culture.

　　我认为这是每个人私人生活 和职业生活中的问题 我认为我们身为群体，这也造成了文化问题

　　So what I want to do today is, first of all, talk about why we get stuck inside this feeling of being right.

　　于是，我今天想做的是 先谈谈为甚么我们会 陷在这种自以为是的心态中

　　And second, why it's such a problem.

　　第二是为甚么这是个问题

　　And finally, I want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling, and that, if you can do so, it is the single greatest

　　最后我想说服大家 克服这种感觉 是可能的 而且一旦你做到了 这将成为你道德上

　　moral, intellectual and creative leap you can make.

　　智性上和创意上最大的进步

　　So why do we get stuck in this feeling of being right?

　　为甚么我们会陷在 这种自以为是的心态中?

　　One reason actually has to do with a feeling of being wrong.

　　事实上这和犯错的感觉有关

　　So let me ask you guys something -- or actually, let me ask you guys something, because you're right here: How does it feel -- emotionally --

　　我想问问你们 让我问问台上的你们 当你意识到自己犯错了

　　how does it feel to be wrong?

　　你感觉如何?

　　Dreadful. Thumbs down.

　　糟透了。很差劲。

　　Embarrassing. Okay, wonderful, good.

　　难堪。很好，是的。

　　Dreadful, thumbs down, embarrassing -- thank you, these are great answers, but they're answers to a different question.

　　很糟糕，很差劲，很难堪。 谢谢你们提供这些答案 但这些答案没有回答我的问题

　　You guys are answering the question: How does it feel to realize you're wrong?

　　你们回答的问题是： 当你意识到你犯错的时候，你的感觉如何?

　　(Laughter) Realizing you're wrong can feel like all of that and a lot of other things, right?

　　(笑声) 意识到你犯错了就会有刚刚所说的这些感觉，不是吗?

　　I mean it can be devastating, it can be revelatory, it can actually be quite funny, like my stupid Chinese character mistake.

　　令人沮丧，暴露了一些真实 有时候甚至有些好笑 像我误以为路牌是中文字

　　But just being wrong doesn't feel like anything.

　　但犯错本身 事实上毫无感觉

　　I'll give you an analogy.

　　让我给你一个例子

　　Do you remember that Loony Tunes cartoon where there's this pathetic coyote who's always chasing and never catching a roadrunner?

　　你记得卡通里 那个总是在追逐 却从未抓到猎物的土狼吗?

　　In pretty much every episode of this cartoon, there's a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner and the roadrunner runs off a cliff,

　　几乎在每一集里 牠的猎物 - 一只走鹃鸟 都会跳下悬崖

　　which is fine, he's a bird, he can fly.

　　反正牠是鸟，牠可以飞

　　But the thing is, the coyote runs off the cliff right after him.

　　但土狼也会跟着牠一起跳崖

　　And what's funny -- at least if you're six years old -- is that the coyote's totally fine too.

　　那很好笑 如果你是个六岁儿童 土狼也很好

　　He just keeps running -- right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that he's in mid-air.

　　牠就这么继续跑 直到牠往下看 发现自己漫步在空中

　　That's when he falls.

　　这时候他才会往下掉

　　When we're wrong about something -- not when we realize it, but before that -- we're like that coyote after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down.

　　在我们犯错时 在我们意识到我们犯错时 我们就像那只土狼 还没意识到自己奔出悬崖

　　You know, we're already wrong, we're already in trouble, but we feel like we're on solid ground.

　　我们已经错了 已经惹上麻烦了 但仍然感觉像走在地上

　　So I should actually correct something I said a moment ago.

　　我应该改变我之前的说法

　　It does feel like something to be wrong; it feels like being right.

　　犯错的感觉就和 正确的感觉一样

　　(Laughter) So this is one reason, a structural reason, why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness.

　　(笑声) 事实上我们这种自以为对的感受 是有构造性的原因的

　　I call this error blindness.

　　我称之为错误盲点

　　Most of the time, we don't have any kind of internal cue to let us know that we're wrong about something, until it's too late.

　　大部份的时间里 我们身体里没有任何机制 提醒我们错了 直到木已成舟

　　But there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well -- and this one is cultural.

　　但还有第二个理由 文化性的理由

　　Think back for a moment to elementary school.

　　回想小学时代

　　You're sitting there in class, and your teacher is handing back quiz papers, and one of them looks like this.

　　你坐在课堂里 你的老师发回小考考卷 像这样的小考考卷

　　This is not mine, by the way.

　　虽然这张不是我的

　　(Laughter) So there you are in grade school, and you know exactly what to think about the kid who got this paper.

　　(笑声) 你从小学时代 就知道该对拿这张考卷的同学 下甚么评语

　　It's the dumb kid, the troublemaker, the one who never does his homework.

　　笨蛋，捣蛋鬼 从不做功课的坏学生

　　So by the time you are nine years old, you've already learned, first of all, that people who get stuff wrong are lazy, irresponsible dimwits --

　　你不过才九岁 你已经懂得，首先 那些犯错的人 都是懒惰、不负责任的傻瓜

　　and second of all, that the way to succeed in life is to never make any mistakes.

　　第二 想要在人生中成功 就不要犯错

　　We learn these really bad lessons really well.

　　我们很早就得到这些错误讯息

　　And a lot of us -- and I suspect, especially a lot of us in this room -- deal with them by just becoming perfect little A students,

　　而我们 尤其是这个大厅里的许多人 都因此成为好学生 拿全A

　　perfectionists, over-achievers.

　　完美主义、永不满意

　　Right, Mr. CFO, astrophysicist, ultra-marathoner?

　　不是吗? 财务长、天体物理学家、超级马拉松先生们?

　　(Laughter) You're all CFO, astrophysicists, ultra-marathoners, it turns out.

　　(笑声) 结果是你们全成了财务长、天体物理学家、跑超级马拉松

　　Okay, so fine.

　　那很好

　　Except that then we freak out at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong.

　　但一旦我们发现有可能犯错 就开始手足无措

　　Because according to this, getting something wrong means there's something wrong with us.

　　因为依照规定 犯错 代表我们一定也有甚么不对劲

　　So we just insist that we're right, because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe.

　　于是我们坚持己见 因为那让我们感觉聪明、得体 安全和可靠

　　So let me tell you a story.

　　让我告诉你们一个故事

　　A couple of years ago, a woman comes into Beth Israel Deaconess medical center for a surgery.

　　几年前 一个女人到 Beth Israel Deaconess 诊所做手术

　　Beth Israel's in Boston.

　　Beth Israel 在波士顿

　　It's the teaching hospital for Harvard -- one of the best hospitals in the country.

　　是哈佛大学的教学附属医院 全国数一数二的医疗中心

　　So this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room.

　　这个女人被送进开刀房

　　She's anesthetized, the surgeon does his thing -- stitches her back up, sends her out to the recovery room.

　　麻醉，外科医生做完手术 缝合，将她送进恢复室

　　Everything seems to have gone fine.

　　一切看上去都很好

　　And she wakes up, and she looks down at herself, and she says, "Why is the wrong side of my body in bandages?"

　　她醒来，往自己身上一看 说“为甚么我的左腿绑着绷带?”

　　Well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one.

　　她应该接受治疗的是右腿 但为他做手术的外科医生 却把刀开在左腿

　　When the vice president for health care quality at Beth Israel spoke about this incident, he said something very interesting.

　　当副院长出来为医院的医疗质量 和这次意外做出解释时 他说了句很有趣的话

　　He said, "For whatever reason, the surgeon simply felt that he was on the correct side of the patient."

　　他说“无论如何 这位外科医生感觉 他开下的刀是在正确的一侧”

　　(Laughter) The point of this story is that trusting too much in the feeling of being on the correct side of anything can be very dangerous.

　　(笑声) 故事的重点是 相信自己的判断力 相信自己站在对的一边 是非常危险的

　　This internal sense of rightness that we all experience so often is not a reliable guide to what is actually going on in the external world.

　　我们心中时常感觉到的 理直气壮的感觉 在真实世界中 并不是个可靠的向导。

　　And when we act like it is, and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong, well that's when we end up doing things

　　当我们依此行事 不再思考我们是否犯错 我们就有可能

　　88.like dumping 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or torpedoing the global economy.

　　把两百湾加仑的石油倒进墨西哥湾 或是颠覆世界经济

　　So this is a huge practical problem.

　　这是个很实际的问题

　　But it's also a huge social problem.

　　这也是个很大的社会问题

　　Think for a moment about what it means to feel right.

　　“感觉对”究竟是什么意思

　　It means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality.

　　这代表着你认为你的信念 和真实是一致的

　　And when you feel that way, you've got a problem to solve, which is, how are you going to explain all of those people who disagree with you?

　　当你有这种感觉的时候 你的问题就大了 因为如果你是对的 为甚么还有人和你持不同意见?

　　It turns out, most of us explain those people the same way, by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions.

　　于是我们往往用同一种 思考方式去解释这些异议

　　The first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us is we just assume they're ignorant.

　　第一是当他人不同意我们的说法 我们便觉得他们无知

　　They don't have access to the same information that we do, and when we generously share that information with them, they're going to see the light and come on over to our team.

　　他们不像我们懂得这么多 当我们慷慨地和他们分享我们的知识 他们便会理解，并加入我们的行列

　　When that doesn't work, when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us, then we move on to a second assumption,

　　如果不是这样 如果这些人和我们获得的信息一样多 却仍然不认同我们 我们便有了下一个定论

　　which is that they're idiots.

　　那就是他们是白痴

　　(Laughter) They have all the right pieces of the puzzle, and they are too moronic to put them together correctly.

　　(笑声) 他们已经有了所有的信息 却笨到无法拼凑出正确的图像

　　And when that doesn't work, when it turns out that people who disagree with us have all the same facts we do and are actually pretty smart,

　　一旦第二个定论也不成立 当这些反对我们的人 和我们有一样的信息 又聪明

　　then we move on to a third assumption: they know the truth, and they are deliberately distorting it for their own malevolent purposes.

　　我们便有了第三个结论 他们知道事实是甚么 但却为了自己的好处 故意曲解真实。

　　So this is a catastrophe.

　　这真是个大灾难

　　This attachment to our own rightness keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly.

　　我们的自以为是 让我们在最需要的时候 无法预防犯错 更让我们互相仇视

　　104.But to me, what's most baffling and most tragic about this is that it misses the whole point of being human.

　　对我来说 最大的悲剧是 它让我们错失了身为人的珍贵意义

　　It's like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds.

　　那就像是想象 我们的心灵之窗完全透明 我们向外观看 描述在我们之前展开的世界

　　And we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing.

　　我们想要每个人和我们有一样的窗子 对世界做出一样的观察

　　That is not true, and if it were, life would be incredibly boring.

　　那不是真的 如果是，人生将会多么无聊

　　The miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is.

　　心灵的神奇之处 不在你懂得这个世界是甚么样子

　　It's that you can see the world as it isn't.

　　而是去理解那些你不懂的地方

　　We can remember the past, and we can think about the future, and we can imagine what it's like to be some other person in some other place.

　　我们记得过去 思考未来 我们想象 自己成为他人，在他方

　　And we all do this a little differently, which is why we can all look up at the same night sky and see this and also this and also this.

　　我们的想象都有些不同 于是当我们抬头看同一个夜空 我们看到这个 这个 和这个

　　And yeah, it is also why we get things wrong.

　　这也是我们搞错事情的原因

　　1,200 years before Descartes said his famous thing about "I think therefore I am,"

　　在笛卡儿说出那句有名的”我思故我在“ 的一千两百年前

　　this guy, St. Augustine, sat down and wrote "Fallor ergo sum" -- "I err therefore I am."

　　圣奥古斯丁，坐下来 写下"Fallor ergo sum" "我错故我在"

　　Augustine understood that our capacity to screw up, it's not some kind of embarrassing defect in the human system, something we can eradicate or overcome.

　　奥古斯丁懂得 我们犯错的能力 这并不是人性中 一个令人难堪的缺陷 不是我们可以克服或消灭的

　　It's totally fundamental to who we are.

　　这是我们的本质

　　Because, unlike God, we don't really know what's going on out there.

　　因为我们不是上帝 我们不知道我们之外究竟发生了甚么

　　And unlike all of the other animals, we are obsessed with trying to figure it out.

　　而不同于其它动物的是 我们都疯狂地想找出解答

　　To me, this obsession is the source and root of all of our productivity and creativity.

　　对我来说 这种寻找的冲动 就是我们生产力和创造力的来源

　　Last year, for various reasons, I found myself listening to a lot of episodes of the Public Radio show This American Life.

　　因为一些缘故 去年我在广播上 听了很多集的"我们的美国人生"

　　And so I'm listening and I'm listening, and at some point, I start feeling like all the stories are about being wrong.

　　我听着听着 突然发现 这些故事全和犯错有关

　　And my first thought was, "I've lost it.

　　我的第一个念头是 “我完了

　　I've become the crazy wrongness lady.

　　我写书写疯了

　　I just imagined it everywhere,"

　　四处都看到有关犯错的幻觉”

　　which has happened.

　　说真的是这样

　　But a couple of months later, I actually had a chance to interview Ira Glass, who's the host of the show.

　　但几个月后 我访问了那个广播节目的主持人 Ira Glass

　　And I mentioned this to him, and he was like, "No actually, that's true.

　　我向他提到这件事 他回答我“事实上

　　In fact," he says, "as a staff, we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto-theme.

　　你是对的”他说 “我们这些工作人员总是 开玩笑说每集节目之中的 秘密主题都是一样的

　　And the crypto-theme is: 'I thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead.' And thing is," says Ira Glass, "we need this.

　　这个秘密主题就是 "我以为这件事会这样发生 结果其它事情发生了" 他说"但是，这就是我们需要的

　　We need these moments of surprise and reversal and wrongness to make these stories work."

　　我们需要这些意外 这些颠倒和错误 这些故事才能成立。"

　　And for the rest of us, audience members, as listeners, as readers, we eat this stuff up.

　　而我们身为观众 听众、读者 我们吸收这些故事

　　We love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings.

　　我们喜欢故事转折 令人惊讶的结局

　　When it comes to our stories, we love being wrong.

　　我们喜欢在故事里 看到犯错

　　But, you know, our stories are like this because our lives are like this.

　　但，故事会这样写 是因为人生就是这样

　　We think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead.

　　我们以为某些事情会这样发生 发生的却是其它事

　　George Bush thought he was going to invade Iraq, find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction, liberate the people and bring democracy to the Middle East.

　　小布什以为他入侵伊拉克 会找到大规模毁灭性武器 解放中东百姓，为他们带来民主自由

　　And something else happened instead.

　　但却不是这样

　　And Hosni Mubarak thought he was going to be dictator of Egypt for the rest of his life, until he got too old or too sick and could pass the reigns of power onto his son.

　　穆巴拉克以为 他到死都会是埃及的独裁者 一直到他年老或卧病 再把他的权力交给下一代

　　And something else happened instead.

　　但却不是这样

　　And maybe you thought you were going to grow up and marry your high school sweetheart and move back to your home town and raise a bunch of kids together.

　　或许你想过 你会长大、嫁给你的初恋情人 搬回老家，生一群孩子

　　And something else happened instead.

　　但却不是这样

　　And I have to tell you that I thought I was writing an incredibly nerdy book about a subject everybody hates for an audience that would never materialize.

　　我必须说 我以为我写的是一本很冷僻的书 有关一个人人讨厌的主题 为一些从不存在的读者

　　And something else happened instead.

　　但却不是这样

　　(Laughter) I mean, this is life.

　　(笑声) 我们的人生

　　For good and for ill, we generate these incredible stories about the world around us, and then the world turns around and astonishes us.

　　无论好坏 我们创造了啦 那包围我们的世界 而世界转过头来，令我们大吃一惊

　　No offense, but this entire conference is an unbelievable monument to our capacity to get stuff wrong.

　　说真的，这整个会议 充斥着这样难以置信的时刻 我们一次又一次地意识到自己的错误

　　We just spent and entire week talking about innovations and advancements and improvements, but you know why we need all of those innovations

　　我们花了整整一周 讨论创新，进步 和改善 你知道我们为甚么需要这些创新

　　and advancements and improvements?

　　进步和改善吗?

　　Because half the stuff that's the most mind-boggling and world altering -- TED 1998 -- eh.

　　因为其中有一半 来自最应该改变世界的 98年的TED 呃

　　(Laughter) Didn't really work out that way, did it.

　　(笑声) 真是出人意料之外啊，不是吗

　　(Laughter) Where's my jet pack, Chris?

　　(笑声) 我的逃生火箭在哪，Chris?

　　(Laughter) (Applause) So here we are again.

　　(笑声) (掌声) 于是我们又在这里

　　And that's how it goes.

　　事情就是这样

　　We come up with another idea.

　　我们重新想出其它点子

　　We tell another story.

　　我们有了新的故事

　　We hold another conference.

　　我们开了另一个会议

　　The theme of this one, as you guys have now heard seven million times, is the rediscovery of wonder.

　　这次的主题是 如果你还没有听到耳朵出油的话 是重新找到想象的力量

　　And to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other

　　对我来说 如果你真的想重新找到想象的力量 你需要离开 那个小小的、自我感觉良好的小圈圈 看看彼此

　　and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, "Wow, I don't know.

　　看看宇宙的 广大无垠 复杂神秘 然后真正地说 “哇，我不知道

　　Maybe I'm wrong."

　　或许我错了。”

　　Thank you.

　　谢谢各位

　　(Applause) Thank you guys.

　　(掌声) 谢谢

TED英文演讲稿3

　　On what we think we know?

　　我们以为自己知道的

　　I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps we don't understand as much as we think we do. I'd like to begin with four questions. This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year. That's an in-joke, by the way.

　　我会试着解释为何 我们知道的东西很可能并没有我们自以为知道的多 我想从四个问题开始,不是那种今年流行的文化问题 对了，刚刚那句是个圈内笑话

　　But these four questions, actually, are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard. And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers, of audiences of science educators -- so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds, and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.

　　不过这四个问题，事实上 即使是很懂科学的人也会觉得很难应答 我拿这些问题去问科学节目制片人 问那些有科学教育背景的观众 也问教科学的老师还有七岁孩童 我发现七岁孩童答得比其他人好 这是有些令人惊讶

　　So the first question, and you might want to write this down, either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.

　　第一个问题，我建议你把问题记下来 抄在纸上，或想像中的纸上 坐在电脑前的你也可以试著作答.

　　A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right? I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair, right? Where does all this stuff come from?

　　种籽很轻，而大树很重，是吗?我想我们都同意吧，大树用来制成椅子的东西是从哪来的? 对吧?这些东西都是怎么来的?

　　(Knocks)

　　(敲椅声)

　　And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire? And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram, if you had to do it? Or would you just say, that's actually not possible?

　　问题二，你能否点亮一个小灯泡 只用1个电池、1个灯泡、和1条电线? 那你能画出上述问题的图解吗?不用真的画 但如果需要的话， 你能画出来吗? 还是你会说 这个不可能?

　　The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter, but why? And finally, would you be able to -- and you can sort of scribble it, if you like -- scribble a plan diagram of the solar system, showing the shape of the planets' orbits? Would you be able to do that? And if you can, just scribble a pattern.

　　第三个问题，为什么夏天比冬天热? 大家应该都同意夏天比冬天还热 但为何如此?最后，你能不能 简单的勾勒出 太阳系的平面图... 呈现出行星轨道运行的形状 你可以画得出来吗? 你画得出来的话，就把形状画出来

　　OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers, as teachers often think, but actually from common sense, from experience of the world around them, from all the things that go on between them and their peers, and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience. And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him, Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?

　　好，孩童对事物的概念不是老师教的 老师时常这么以为，但实际上概念来自于常理 来自于孩童对周遭世界的体验 来自于他们跟同伴彼此交流 还有跟保姆、父母亲、所有人交流的经验 这个领域中的一个专家，对了，愿他安息 就是渥西主教，他说要你将东西放进其他人的闹袋里的时候要小心 因为那些东西几乎不会再改变，对吧?

　　(Laughter)

　　(笑声)

　　I'm not quite sure how he died, actually. Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?

　　我不太清楚他的死因，真的 他最后上了断头台?还是被吊死?

　　(Laughter)

　　(笑声)

　　Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right, and you haven't been conferring, and so on. And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate, but maybe not in this instance.

　　现在回到那四个问题，大家都知道是什么问题了 你们彼此之间也没有讨论答案 我平时习惯点人站起来回答让他丢脸 不过这次就不点了

　　A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff, 99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air. Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED, will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people, probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards, and say that actually, it comes out of the ground. Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country, filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business. But, actually, we don't do that. The mass of this comes out of the air. Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain. I passed them really well, but I still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.

　　种籽可以很重，基本上所有的这些 99%都来自于空气 我相信有85%的人，或许在你们TED会比较少 会说木材来自于大地，而有些人 也许你们中的一两位， 可能结束后会来找我争论 说木材其实是来自于大地 若是如此，那我们就会有让卡车跑来跑去 把人们的花园都填上土，那会是很棒的生意。 不过实际上我们不会那么做 因为木材的材料大部分其实是从空气中来的 我在英国念书时考生物每考必过 我的成绩很好，但毕业后 还是以为木材来自于大地

　　Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire? Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that. Now, I have some rather bad news, which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you, which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room, so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion, what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers go to MIT on graduation day. We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away from here, and you wouldn't mind too much, but it sort of works the same way in Britain and in the West Coast of the USA. And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them. And so, there's a whole lot of people saying, "I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air. That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates. And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world," because of British-like hubris.

　　你能用一枚电池和一根电线点亮灯泡吗? 是，你可以，我会示范怎么做。 不过，现在有个坏消息 本来有个影片要给大家看 可惜在这边声音放不出来 所以我就口头描述一下的，用巨蟒剧团的表演方式， 影片内容是这样的，在影片里有一群研究员 在毕业典礼那天去麻省理工学院 为什么是麻省理工呢?因为它离这里很远 大家也就不会太介意 不过场景设在英国结果也差不多 或是设在美国西岸 我们问了麻省理工的毕业生这四个问题 这些理工科毕业生也答不出来 而且还有很多学生表示 “我很惊讶你说木材是从空气中来的 ”这真的让我很吃惊“，那些理工的毕业生这么说 我们用”我们是全球第一的理工大学“来作影片的结尾。 因为英国人很傲慢

　　(Laughter)

　　(笑声)

　　And when we gave graduate engineers that question, they said it couldn't be done. And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right? And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way, it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.

　　我们拿第二个问题去问硕士毕业的工程师们 他们说这不可能做得到 我们拿了电池、电线、和灯泡 问他们”你能做到吗?“，他们没办法，是吧? 顺道一提，伦敦的帝国学院的情况估计也差不多如此 我们不是在做什么反美的事

　　As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money for teaching people -- we might as well get it right. And there are also some societal reasons why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation, as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew, is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

　　虽然听来颇像。问题的关键是我们花了很多钱 来教育大众，我们应该正确地来做这件事。 其中也有一些社会因素 让我们想使大众了解光合作用如何运作 例如，有一半的碳储量是人类排放的 而另一半碳储量 我相当关切，身为皇家植物园的受托管理人

　　That's what plants actually do for a living. And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun: we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice if we don't understand that kind of thing.Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb. It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that. But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb, if you've only seen a circuit diagram, you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.

　　是植物吸收多少二氧化碳 植物就是以此维生的 如果在场有芬兰人，这是芬兰话的双关语 我们无论在实际上或隐喻上，都是如履薄冰 要是我们不明白那些事 电池和灯泡只要这要做就行 很简单，不是吗?你们都懂了 但要是你没有亲手碰过电池和灯泡 如果你只看过电路图 你可能就做不出来，这是个麻烦

　　So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot, and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning, and it happens pretty early on. By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter must be because we're closer to the Sun." I promise you that most of you will have got that. Oh, you're all shaking your heads, but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.

　　那么，为何夏天比冬天热? 我们从小就知道，离热的东西太近 你就被烫到，这真很有效的教育方法 很小的时候大家就学到了 延伸这个论点，我们觉得夏天比冬天热 一定是因为我们离太阳比较近 我相信大多人都懂了 哦，大家都在摇头 不过只有几个人摇得很坚定

　　Other ones are kind of going like this. All right. It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth. And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't. The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right? It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere, we're further from the Sun in summer, as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.

　　其他人只是这样子摇而已，好吧 夏天比冬天热是因为太阳的辐射线 传播得比较多，地球倾斜的关系 如果你以为是朝太阳的方向倾斜，那就错了 太阳离地球1亿5千万公里，地球倾斜角度大略如此 倾斜不是差别所在，在北半球 夏天时我们离太阳更远 跟倾斜没有关系

　　OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system. If you believe, as most of you probably do, that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun, you must have drawn an ellipse. Right? That would explain it, right? Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse, have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"

　　好，问题四是画出太阳系的平面图 如果大家相信，大多数可能都相信 夏天比冬天热是因为地球离太阳较近 大家应该都画了椭圆形 对吧?这就能解释了吧? 除非，你点头了，你画了个椭圆形 你有想过，「夜晚又是怎么回事」?

　　Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night, and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.

　　澳洲和美国这边，澳洲是夏天 这边是冬天，难道说 地球在晚上会冲向太阳 然后再冲回来?这实在很奇怪 我们脑中有两种思考模式，对的和错的 身为人类，我们在很多领域都这样思考

　　So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan. That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right? And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar. I hope you notice the coincidence here.

　　左边是哥白尼画的太阳系平面图 跟你们纸上画的差不多，对吧 右边是NASA的版本，两张图非常相似 我希望大家注意其中的巧合 要是你知道人们有错误观念

　　What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception, right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits caused by our experiences as children? What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system, to show that it's not really like that? You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you? It's a plan, looking down from above. But, no, look what I found in the textbooks. That's what you show people, right?

　　你会怎么做 在他们脑中，楕圆形的轨道 是他们儿时经验教的吗? 你会给他们看什么样的太阳系示意图? 证明太阳系不是他们想的那样 你会给他们看这种图吗? 这是俯瞰的平面图 可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科书里找到的 你会给他们看这种图对吧?

　　These are from textbooks, from websites, educational websites -- and almost anything you pick up is like that. And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring to have a load of concentric circles, whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle, isn't it? Right?

　　出自教科书 出自教育网站 你找得到的几乎都是这种图 会以这种视角呈现是因为 只有一堆同心圆太死板无趣 从这种视角看太阳系比较新鲜刺激 不是吗?

　　And by doing it at that angle, if you've got that misconception in your head, then that two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses. So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.

　　因为弄成这种视角 如果你脑中有了这种误解 用二度空间来呈现三度空间就会变成椭圆形 这真是糟糕，可不是吗?

　　So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models. We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else, and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look -- and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.

　　因此，我们寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式 我们用这种方式处理种族、政治、所有事 当然也用这种方式处理科学，我们只观看 是科学家在这么做，我们不断寻求证据 来增强我们的心智模式，有些人很有办法 也乐意提供证据来增强那些模式

　　So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans. These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science teaching centers.

　　所以我现在人在美国，就会说欧洲人的坏话 这些图片都是我认为不良的科学教育

　　These pictures are from La Villette in France and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London. And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed, there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional -- in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall," and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't -- there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right, and, you know, pun intended.

　　类似教学中心，这些图取自法国维叶特科博馆 以及伦敦科博馆的迎宾翼展示区 你看看这些东西建成的模样 有很多玻璃隔板，蓝光色调，弄得很专业似的 那种方式，就像是伍迪艾伦从床单里冒出来 在《安妮霍尔》戏中的那一幕 他说“老天，这真是太专业了” 这其中没有热情，没有动手参与，是吗 这是个双关，不过也有好的教学方法

　　Whereas good interpretation -- I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium, where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on, are made out of everyday objects that children can understand, it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with. And I know that if the graduates at MIT and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it, they would have learned how it actually works, rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it. So good interpretation is more about things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right? And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier of a piece of glass or machined titanium, and it all looks fantastic, OK?

　　我举一个例子，离这里很近，旧金山探索馆 在那里所有的东西，展示品之类的 都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的 都可以动手玩，孩子们可以专心玩好好体验 我知道麻省理工毕业生 以及伦敦帝国学院毕业生 手上有电池电线点亮灯泡的话 他们会明白其中的原理 而不是觉得他们照着电路图来做是做不到的 好的教学方法不是 沉溺陶醉在自己世界里对吧? 那些东西也不该被隔着 用玻璃或是钛制品隔开 看起来很漂亮就好，好吗?

　　And the Exploratorium does that really, really well. And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense, in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.

　　旧金山探索馆在这点做得非常好 看上去很业余，但业余得很对头 也就是说，根本的出发点是出自爱和热情

　　So, children are not empty vessels, OK?So, as "Monty Python" would have it, this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so, but this is -- children are not empty vessels.

　　所以，孩童不是空瓶子 用“巨蟒剧团”的说法 就是有点像英国掌玺大臣会说的 意思是说孩童不是空无一物的瓶子

　　They come with their own ideas and their own theories, and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them, right?

　　他们生来就有自己的想法和理念 如果你没从这些地方着手，就改变不了他们 对吧?

　　And I probably haven't shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates, either. But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.

　　我大概没有改变大家的想法 对于世界和宇宙到底如何运作 不过这些道理同样可以用在推销新科技上也

　　For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover of the whole population into digital technology [for television].

　　例如，在英国，我们试着把全部的电视 都换成新科技的数位电视

　　And it's one of the difficult things is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works, it's quite difficult to shift those.

　　有个难题是 人们对事物运作的方式一旦有了成见 就很难去改变

　　So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood. Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.

　　我们不是空瓶子，我们保有心智模式 从幼年到成年一直都存在 不良的教学是弊多于利

　　In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK? Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling, as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after, that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.

　　在美国和英国，在磁力知识上 孩童在就学前学得比较好 重力知识也一样，两个不同概念，这实在可悲 如果你是个老师，看见受教前和受教后的差别 实在令人忧心，学童在受教后考得更差

　　And we collude. We design tests, or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right? And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back. OK?

　　我们都是共犯，我们设计测验方式 至少在英国是这样，好让人们能通过考试 政府也帮了不少忙，他们推波助澜 懂吗?

　　We collude, and actually if you -- if someone had designed a test for me when I was doing my biology exams, to really understand, to see whether I'd understood more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together and seeing it go blue, and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air, then I might have done better at science. So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.

　　我们都是共犯 如果有人替我设计测验 在我要考生物的时候 让我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了 不是只在淀粉中加入碘液 看着反应呈现蓝色 而且能真正明白植物是从空气中茁壮的 我的科学可能就会学得比较好 所以，最重要的是要让人们能表述清楚他们的模型

　　Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift? An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads. And the second question to that then is, ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down. Ah ha, right.

　　回家作业是，机翼是怎样帮助飞机起飞的? 这问题很好懂，大家心中也有答案了 注意事项是 你要确保自己能解释为何飞机头向下的时候也能飞， 对吧

　　Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right? And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer. So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.

　　问题二，海为何是蓝色的? 大家心中应该都有答案了 那么，为什么阴天时海还是蓝的?看吧 (笑声) 我一直想在美国讲这句话

　　(Laughter)

　　(笑声)

　　I've always wanted to say that in this country. (Laughter) Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children, and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff, because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know, you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement, it's just part of learning that's important. Thank you very much. Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.

　　最后，我希望大家能让自己，还有孩子 以及任何你认识的人，去动手接触事物 因为亲自接触了事物，你知道的 你就补足了其他方面的学习不足，这不是替换 这只是学习中很重要的一部分 谢谢大家 那么，噢，没关系，继续吧

　　(Applause)

　　(鼓掌)

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