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雅思阅读易犯的4大错误解析1
Any study suggesting a glass or two a day can keep the doctor away is greeted with disproportionate(一边倒的) enthusiasm by the media and general public. But it is a complex task to determine whether or not alcohol in moderation(适量饮酒)has health benefits.
One of the earlier studies drawing a link between alcohol consumption and health was performed by the late, great Archie Cochrane; the godfather of evidence-based medicine. In 1979, Cochrane and two colleagues tried to work out what exactly was responsible for the differing rates of death from heart diseaseacross 18 developed countries, including the US, UK and Australia. (1979年，Cochrane和两位同事一起，试图弄明白到底是什么因素导致心脏病的不同死亡率，他们的研究横跨18个发达国家，包括美国、英国和澳大利亚。)
Their analysis came up with a clear and significant link between increasing alcohol consumption – specifically of wine – and decreasing rates of is chaemic(缺血的) heart disease (heart disease caused by the build-up of fatty deposits[沉淀物] inside the blood vessels[血管] supplying the heart).
Citing earlier studies that had found an association between alcohol consumption and lower rates of deaths from heart attack, Cochrane and colleagues suggested that the aromatic(芳香烃)and other compounds in alcohol – recently hypothesised to be antioxidants(抗氧化物)such as plant-based polyphenols(多酚类)– were likely responsible for the benefits,rather than the alcohol itself.(之前的研究已经发现，饮酒与更低的心脏病死亡率之间有某种关联，Cochrane和同事们引用这些研究，指出带来这些好处的可能是酒精中的芳香烃及其他化合物——最近有人提出，这些化合物是抗氧化物，类似植物中的多酚类——，而不是酒精本身。)In the spirit of evidence-based medicine,they called for an experimental approach to the question.
Plying(提供) experimental subjects with alcohol, while amusing, is unlikely to reveal the kind of chronic disease benefits that alcohol is speculated(假定) to deliver. So instead, much of the research around alcohol and its health costs and benefits has been in the form of long-term,population-based studies.
In 1986,researchers surveyed a group of more than 50,000 male doctors in the US about their drinking and eating habits, their medical history and state of health over two years. They found that the more alcohol the doctors reported drinking, the lower their chance of developing coronary arterydisease(冠心病), despite their dietary habits.
Another large study published in 2000, also in male doctors, found a ‘U’ shaped relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and – in this case – death, rather than coronary artery disease. Subjects who drank one standard drink a day were less likely to die within the 5.5-year-long study than those who drank less than one a week, or those who drank more than one a day.(在这个跨度5.5年的研究中，每天喝一定量酒精的受试者，比起那些一周都喝不到这个量或者每天都超过这个量的相比，死亡的可能性更小些。)
This suggested there was a ‘sweet spot’ for alcohol consumption; a healthy middleground between too little or too much, where the benefit for cardiovascular(心血管的)health balanced the risk of death from all causes.(这表明喝酒有个“甜区”;一个居于“太少”和“太多”之间的中间位置，这个位置给心血管健康带来的好处降低了各种死亡的风险。)
But was the alcohol itself providing the benefits, or is it just a marker for other healthy behaviours? Are people who drink in moderation also the kind of people who exercise regularly, eat a balanced diet, and generally look after themselves?
In 2005, yet another study in medical professionals – this time 32,000 women and 18,000 men– attempted to answer this question by looking at how their drinking habits affected not only their risk of heart attack, but also their physiology(生理;生理机能).
The people who drank one to two glasses of alcohol, three to four times a week, had a lower risk of heart attack, which the researchers hypothesised could be due to beneficial effects of alcohol on HDLcholesterol(胆固醇)– the so-called ‘good’ cholesterol – as well as haemoglobin(血色素)A1c(a marker of diabetes risk) and fibrinogen(血纤维蛋白原), an agent that helps the blood to clot.These three factors all play an important role in ‘metabolic syndrome’(代谢综合症); the cluster of abnormalities that often heralds(预告……的到来)cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Other studies have found hints that alcohol might alter the balance of these factors for the better, which pointed to a possible mechanism(机理;机制) by which alcohol in moderation could improve health.
Other studies have replicated(复制)this sweet-spot effect of alcohol for is chaemic stroke (strokes caused by a blood clot in the brain) and death in general. But before you dive out and prescribe yourself a couple of bottles a week – for your health, of course–you might want to read on.
Do abstainers(不饮酒的人)actually have a higher risk of death than people who have one or two alcoholic drinks a day? It isn’t as straightforward as it looks.
In 2006, a team of researchers took a closer look at how these studies were designed.Their meta-analysis(元分析，即对别人的分析进行再分析) showed a major flaw in the way drinkers –or rather abstainers – were classified: the abstainers in many of these studies included people who had cut back or stopped drinking because of ill health or old age. This could potentially make non-drinkers look like a far less healthy group than the general population.
Importantly,the studies without this misclassification didn’t find a reduction in heart disease or death among moderate drinkers.
Other researchers have now explored this ‘misclassification hypothesis’ more closely,including a huge UK-based population study published this year.
It showed that when you simply compare alcohol consumption and health outcomes, you find a clear beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption. But if you take former drinkers out of the abstainers group, then the benefits don’t look so rosy – in fact, they all but disappear.
Meanwhile,another team of researchers studied people whose bodies cannot process alcohol properly – and therefore who generally don’t drink alcohol at all – and found those with this genetic marker had better cardiovascular health and a lower risk of coronary heart disease than those without it.(与此同时，另一个研究队伍考察了那些身体不能处理酒精—因此根本就不能喝酒—的人，他们发现，有这种基因特征的人与没有这种特征的人相比，心血管更健康，患冠心病的风险也低一些。)
And then there’s the really bad news. Whatever the effects that alcohol does or doesn’t have on your heart disease risk, it can still hasten your death in a myriad of(各种各样的)other colourful ways.
The World Health Organization reported last year that drinking can increase your risk of depression and anxiety, liver cirrhosis(肝硬化), pancreatitis(胰腺炎), suicide, violence, and accidental injury.
Alcohol is also linked to cancer of the mouth, nose, larynx, oesophagus, colon, liver, andbreast cancer in women. Between 4% and 30% of cancer deaths worldwide could be attributed to alcohol use (for breast cancer, the most common, the figure was8%). Importantly, even moderate drinking confers(给与)some increased risk: just one glass a day increases the risk of breast cancer by 4%, while heavy drinking can increase the risk by 40-50%.
Heavy drinking weakens the immune system(免疫系统)and is therefore linked with pneumonia(肺炎) and tuberculosis(结核). It also encourages risky sexual behaviour which increases the chance of acquiring sexually transmitted infections such as HIV.And drinking during pregnancy can cause damage to the foetus, leading to Foetal Alcohol Syndrome.
In total,there are more than 200 diseases and injuries that can be linked to alcohol consumption, including 30 that are caused only by alcohol.
But the idea that moderate alcohol consumption might be beneficial has not entirely gone away, and even organisations dedicated to combating the problem of alcohol grudgingly(不情愿地)say that small amounts of alcohol may have a protective effect against heart disease and some types of stroke.(然而，适度饮酒对身体有好处的观点并未完全消失，即使是那些致力于解决酒精问题的组织也心不甘情不愿地认为，少量饮酒对心脏病和其他类型的中风具有保护作用。)
Confused?You’re not the only one. Perhaps the best summation(概括)of how alcohol affects our health comes from a critical analysis published in early 2013. Its author concluded that, while the evidence of alcohol’s harmful effects was solid, there were plenty of reasons to take evidence of alcohol’s health benefits with agrain of salt(一粒盐;打折扣)– but not,perhaps, a slice of lemon(一片柠檬;舒服惬意).
Vocabulary
Disproportionate 一边倒的;不成比例的
Alcohol inmoderation 适度饮酒
Deposit 沉淀物
Blood vessel 血管
Ply sb. with… 给某人提供……
Speculate 假想;假设
Coronary arterydisease 冠心病
Physiology 生理机能
Herald 预示……的到来
Mechanism 机制
Replicate 复制
Abstainer 不喝酒的人
Meta-analysis 元分析
A myriad of 各种各样的
Confer 给与
Immune system 免疫系统
Pneumonia 肺炎
Tuberculosis 肺结核
Grudgingly 不情愿地
Summation 总结
A grain of salt 一粒盐;打折扣
雅思阅读易犯的4大错误解析
雅思阅读易犯的4大错误解析2
三篇文章难度设置
首先，雅思三篇文章的难度是不一样的。
通常来讲三篇文章的难度是逐渐递增的。也就是说，第一篇文章的难度是最低的。所以，在第一篇阅读文章就望而却步的宝宝们，大家的路还很长啊……
第一篇文章用时多久才恰当?
这个问题比较因人而异。平均来说雅思每篇阅读文章的时间分配都应该是20分钟。因此在做第一篇阅读时如果只是过去了15分钟，那么建议大家还是把第一篇文章先搞定，心理上轻装上阵攻克下面两篇。
如果时间已经过去20分钟以上，你还是有几道题找不到答案，这个时候就建议大家学会取舍，先完成后面的文章与题目，再回头来确定难点题目的答案。
阅读题目设置与文章形式相关吗?
大家在做阅读时要了解的一个小窍门，文章的类型与后面匹配的题目是有相关性的。
以第一篇文章为例，大家会发现文章类型大多是事实描述的说明文，比如介绍某项事物的历史、用途、特点等等，相对来说观点类论述会比较少。因此，第一篇文章的题目类型会侧重在你对 factual information，也就是客观事实的把控能力上。
在第一篇文章后你经常见到的题型是：short answer类; table completion类或者T/F/NG类。
第二篇文章的题型设置通常会考察一下你的综合概括能力，比如 matching headings类;listing of headings类。当然，这种heading类题型是设置在文章之前的，直接告诉你阅读时概括理解是重点。
难度最高的第三篇文章中会出现很多的argument观点论据等等。文中可能会出现很多人对于某一事物或者理论的看法，支持与反对的意见交织在文中。不仅如此，这篇文章的长度通常是最长的，题目设置量也是最多的。因此第三篇文章后的题目设置类型经常会出现：multiple choice类;Y/N/NG类。
细心的同学们发现了吧，第一篇文章的判断题通常设置为T/F, 第三篇文章则为Y/N。这两种题型可不是考官随心所欲的任性产物。一般来说T/F问法的题目设置大多为事实以及细节判断，因此常见于第一篇阅读。而需要判断Y/N的题目大多是观点或态度等主观层面的论述。出现在第三篇文章后就不奇怪啦。
雅思阅读易犯的4大错误解析3
一、不看题目要求粗心大意
其实雅思阅读对于聪明的中国人来说，许多时候雅思阅读的题目要求都可以给我们许多的暗示，例如题目中有NB这样的字眼，有些备选项会被用上2次，这无疑是出题者给我们无声的暗示。还有对于一些notes/diagram/sentence completion的题目，一定要看清字数要求，要不就会出力不讨好了。还有些题干上会标明考查段落，千万不要不看题干，回原文通篇疯狂地寻找，既耽误了时间，又降低了正确率。
二、陷入生词困扰
大多数的阅读段落首句都是主题句，呈现出总分雅思阅读材料结构的特征，接下来的支持具层层展开，保持着与主题句的线性支持关系，这样一来，阅读一段文章时，思路只要按照首句的方向展开即可，如果第二句和第三句与首句保持一致，那么首句就是段落的主题句，除非中间出现了大的转折或者对比，改变了方向。而如果首 句是主题句，学习雅思复习书籍。那么首句的方向就是整个段落的方向，因此，在阅读过程中只要把握“主题”和“方向”，以及维持或改变方向的“关系词”，就能理解主旨，而段落中的生词变得毫无意义。当然词汇对于阅读有致命的影响，我们鼓励烤鸭们用技巧和方法的同时，提高词汇是解决英语阅读的根本长期问题。
三、指读和回读的不良习惯
指读，顾名思义，用手指或者笔边指边读的习惯说明是在以“词”为单位阅读。以一篇剑桥七中的雅思文章为例，文章篇幅A4纸正反面，字数在 1300字左右，如果word by word，一是时间紧迫，无法在考试规定时间完成题目;二是容易断章取义，失去了对文章整体感的把握。
回读就是一段话，一遍不行两遍，两遍不行三遍，直到自以为读懂为止，这是典型的以“句子”为单位阅读的特征，因为读者虽然有可能最终读懂每一句话，但是却不可能有效区分主题句和支持句，导致其不可能掌握段落主旨。从心理学角度讲，这是不自信和不放心的表现，担心自己有内容遗漏，一而再再而三地 读，其实掌握了雅思文章出题的思路，熟悉西方人表达上的思维模式，例如开门见山式，重要信息前置等原则，就可以大胆的在阅读时有“舍”有“得”。
四、纠结于长句
面对少则二行，雅思阅读多则四行左右的雅思阅读中的长难句，许多考生苦不堪言。究竟要怎么阅读才能事半功倍呢这里提出“拨笋理论”，将繁琐冗长的句子去除从句，修饰词，层层剥离，找出最重要的核心意思。Eg, Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. 请大家“剥去”一些细节和次重点的修饰词，然后注意句子逻辑，找最核心的句意，快速阅读，你只需知道port cities become centers and capitals because of water and urban concentration. 这样既不会遗漏重要情节，又可以养成考场上答题时快、准、狠的特点。
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