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托福听力高效备考该用哪本教材1
Just like humans have to learn to talk, songbirds aren't just born singing—they have to learn to carry a tune. "So in the beginning they just babble." Raissa de Boer, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Antwerp in Belgium. "And they learn from a tutor, so they need an example song in order to learn it."
She says the example song might come from the chick's father. And over time, the baby bird tweaks that tweet, to make it its own. "And then it takes almost a year until they're fully adult, until the next spring, for the final song to come out."
De Boer and her colleagues investigated that song-learning process in canaries, using two groups of baby birds: the first consisted of inbred birds, whose parents were siblings; the second had parents that were unrelated. And the researchers found that the songs of inbred birds and those of the other, outbred birds sound... pretty similar to the human ear. "I cannot tell the difference."
But computer analysis revealed that the inbred birds sang notes at slightly different pitches—and with tones that were not quite as pure. "So basically they sang out of tune, in comparison to outbred birds." The results appear in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
And even though our untrained ears have a hard time telling the tones apart, female canaries seemed to notice. They tended to lay smaller eggs, and fewer of them, when they mated with inbred birds as opposed to the better songsters. Suggesting that the quality of a songbird's genes may be revealed in its tunes.
就像人类要学习说话一样，鸣禽也不是天生就会唱歌，它们也要学习唱歌不走调。“一开始它们只是呀呀学语。”蕾伊莎·德·波尔是比利时安特卫普大学行耿生态学家。她说，“它们跟随导师学习，所以它们在学习时需要一首典型歌曲。”
她表示，典型歌曲可能来自于雏鸟的父亲。随着时间的推移，雏鸟不断调整这种叫声，然后演变成它自己的叫声。“大概需要一年的时间，到雏鸟成年、到下一个春天来临的时候，最终的歌曲才会成形。”
德·波尔和她的同事用两组雏鸟对金丝雀学习歌曲的过程进行了研究：第一组是近亲繁殖生出的雏鸟，它们的父母是兄弟姐妹;第二组雏鸟的父母则没有任何关系。研究人员发现，人耳听起来，近亲繁殖鸟儿和非近亲繁殖鸟儿的歌声非常类似。“我不能分辨两者的区别。”
但是电脑分析显示，近亲生鸟儿唱出的歌曲音高不同，而且音调也不太纯。“所以基本上来说，与非近亲生鸟儿相比，近亲生鸟儿其实是跑调的。”这一研究结果发表在《皇家学会学报B》上。
虽然我们人类未经训练的耳朵很难区分这两种音调，但是看起来雌性金丝雀却能注意到两者的区别。当雌性金丝雀同近亲交配，而不是与更好的鸣禽交配时，它们产下的蛋个头较小，而且数量也会减少。这表明鸣禽的基因质量可能会显示在它们的歌声中。
重点讲解：
1. in order to 为了;以便;目的在于;
例句：They did this in order to head off the crisis.
他们这样做以防止发生危机。
2. consist of 由…组成;由…构成;
例句：A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。
3. in comparison to 与…相比;与…比较而言;
例句：In comparison to city life, life in the country is quiet and peaceful.
同城市生活相比，乡村生活既和平又宁静。
4. tell apart 区分;区别;辨别;
例句：Perhaps it is the almost universal use of flavourings that makes it so hard to tell the products apart.
或许是因为调料的使用几乎千篇一律才使得那些产品难以区分开。
5. as opposed to 而不是;
例句：Permission to be employed in this manner is issued to an individual, as opposed to an employer.
这种形式的工作许可是签发给申请人个人的，而不是给雇主的。
托福听力高效备考该用哪本教材2
Are you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside: because in the U.S. you're far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer bounding across the road.
Bambi and his kind cause more 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29,000 injuries, all because of 1.2 million collisions between vehicles and deer. Most incidents occur in the eastern U.S., where deer thrive without natural predators like wolves and mountain lions.
"That's the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem, and where it seems like an effective large carnivore restoration could make a really big difference."
University of Washington wildlife biologist Laura Prugh. She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions, also known as cougars, pumas or panthers, to parts of their historic range from which they've been driven out.
Crunching the numbers, the researchers say that bringing the big cats back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades. Each year would see five fewer human deaths, 680 fewer injuries and a savings of some $50 million.
"Cougars have shown that they can coexist in close proximity with people, with very few conflicts, in a lot of areas out west."
Still, some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of plan. After all, reintroducing predators doesn't come without risks to pets and to livestock, and very occasionally to people.
"Our fear of large carnivores is so primal and ingrained that I don't think it's possible to just completely override it with statistics…what I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more favorably inclined and maybe balance that fear a little bit."
Indeed, the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks. But it'll be a tough sell: the press will cover cougar attacks, but a statistically prevented death does not make the news. Nevertheless, "If people in Hollywood can put up with having mountain lions around, I would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well."
你害怕鲨鱼吗?你害怕蛇或蜘蛛吗?先把这些恐惧放到一边：因为在美国，你更可能因为马路上乱跑的鹿而受伤或者丧命。
鹿每年都会导致200多人丧命，约2.9万人受伤，这是因为机动车辆和小鹿发生了120万次碰撞。大多数事故发生在美国东部地区，由于鹿在这里没有狼、美洲狮等天敌，所以导致鹿群数量猛增。
“在美国的这一地区，小鹿和机动车发生碰撞是个严重的问题，似乎大型食肉动物族群的恢复可以产生巨大的影响。”
劳拉·普鲁夫是华盛顿大学的野生动物学家。她认为将之前被驱逐的美洲狮引入会有帮助。
来研究一下数字，研究人员表示，将这种大型猫科动物引入美国东部地区，这意味着在未来30余年，鹿和车辆发生的碰撞事件将会减少22%。每年的死亡人数将减少5人，受伤人数将减少680人，同时将节省5千万美元。
“研究表明，在西部很多地区，美洲狮可以与人类近距离共存，产生冲突的次数极少。”
但是，可能仍有人对这一计划感到担心，这也是可以理解的。毕竟，重新引入捕食者会给宠物、牲畜带来威胁，而且偶尔也可能会给人类带来不利。
“我们对大型食肉动物的恐惧是非常原始、根深蒂固的，因此我认为，不能仅仅依靠数据就完全将这种恐惧置之不理，我希望可以有明显的益处让人们赞同或平衡对此计划的抵触情绪。”
实际上，数据表明，与美洲狮袭击人类造成的死亡人数相比，引入美洲狮可以使因鹿导致的车祸死亡人数减少5倍。但这将是一项艰巨的任务：媒体仍会报道美洲狮袭击事件，但是却不会报道引入美洲狮可以避免人员伤亡的新闻。尽管如此，“如果好莱坞的人们可以忍受美洲狮的存在，那么我希望纽约的人们也可以勇敢面对这个挑战。”
重点讲解：
1. put aside 把…放在一边;忘记;不考虑;
例句：He put aside his work to spend more time with his son.
他把工作暂时搁下以便有更多时间陪儿子。
2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)倾向的;
例句：If you throw yourself at the girl, she's likely to run away.
如果你拼命讨好这位姑娘，她可能被吓跑。
3. after all 毕竟;终究;
例句：After all, he has had a good long innings.
他毕竟有一段很长的得意时期。
4. put up with 忍受;容忍;
例句：I can't put up with your hypocricy any more.
我再也不能容忍你的虚伪态度了。
托福听力高效备考该用哪本教材3
听力材料语速要略快于自身习惯和考试速度
托福听力教材挑选首要一点就是材料中的语速要尽量比自身习惯的听力语速和考试的实际速度略快一点。为什么要这样?道理很简单，如果你平时都泛听语速快的材料，那么上了考场在心情比较紧张的情况下，你也不会觉得考试的材料语速很快。就如同举重运动员平时训练时，基本都会举起比真正比赛时更重的重量。这种提前做好准备的训练方法是很有实战应试意义的。
听力材料难度要略高于当前水平和官方材料
托福听力教材挑选时需要注意的第二点就是适当挑战自我。比如，平时泛听的材料里可以尽量使用一些含有更多听不出不认识的生词，更多不熟悉的话题场景，更多复杂的句型结构。这样做的目的和第一点类似，就是平时对自己要求高一些，考场上就会轻松许多。电影电视方面，什么样题材符合这点呢?比如法律、政治题材，都有这个特点。政客律师说话，逻辑性强，用词复杂，比较难懂，语速还快。这样适当提升难度的教材对提升大家听力水平是很有帮助的。
听力材料发音要适合自身参加的考试
这一点说白了就是希望大家尽量挑一些带有美式英语口音的教材。托福虽然适用面广泛，但大部分时候其中包含的听力内容都是带有美式英语口音的。如果考生平时说的听的都是英式口音，那么很容易在考试时出现水土不服的问题，这就很容易影响考场发挥了。因此小编建议大家早做准备，尽量在备考中就开始接触一下美式口音的听力教材，为实战提前做好准备。
影视类听力材料一定要选对白多的
这一点也很好理解，考生在挑选听力备考教材时，可能经常会有一些类似寓教于乐的想法。想要放松没关系，但毕竟是为了训练听力，如果挑的都是一些基本没几句对白的大场面动作片那就主次颠倒了。所以如果真的是想要通过电影电视来训练托福听力，大家还是应该挑选一些具有更多对白的内容为佳。
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